Data can be stored in ordered memory within an array. Its nature is particular, and it has a determined limit. We can reach the elements by using an index number. Usually, numbers begin with index 0. At index 0 lies the first element, and index 1 represents the second. Working with known numbers greatly benefits from using arrays. There are three types: single-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays, and other types. This discusses two-dimensional arrays in C.
What are Arrays?
The array is a linear structure that distributes each element directly in a continuous memory unit on the computer system. Elements have similar types and can be reached via indices. Indices allow fast access to individual elements, each residing in a neighboring memory area.
Definitions of 2D Arrays
A Two-Dimensional array is a powerful tool in the C language. It consists of rows and columns and stores data of a single type. It is declared with two dimensions that explain the number of rows and columns, and element access is allowed using two indices. For example, a declaration like int array[3] [4]. This defines a two-dimensional array of type int with three rows and four columns.
Declaration of Two-Dimensional Array
Managing two-dimensional arrays in C programming is quite simple. Data can be arranged in a two-dimensional layout accessible by the row and column indices.
Syntax
type arrayName[rowSize] [columnSize] ;
- type: The type of the elements stored in the array (eg, int, float , char).
- arrayName: The name of the array
- rowSize: The number of rows in the array.
- columnSize: The number of columns in the array.
The following program demonstrates the program.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int matrix[2][2] = {
{5,8},
{20,30}
};
printf("Matrix Elements");
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
matrix[1][2] = 100;
printf("Matrix Elements after Modification:");
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
sum += matrix[i][j];
}
}
printf("Sum of the elements: %d", sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Matrix Elements 5 8 20 20 30 4199056 Matrix Elements after Modification:5 8 20 20 30 100 Sum of the elements: 183
Accessing Elements of 2D Array
A two-dimensional array is an aggregate of arrays in which two subscripts can identify every item. One index for the row and one for the column. For example, we declared an array as an int matrix[3][4], which means a grid of three rows and four columns. This way, we can refer to an element at some position in the form matrix[1][2]
type arrayName[numRows][numCols]
The following program demonstrates the Accessing Elements Array.
Program
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int matrix[3][4] = {
{5,8,9},
{8,9,10},
{30,40,11,23}
} ;
printf("Orginal Matrix") ;
for(int i =0;i<3;i++){
for(int j =0;j<4;j++){
printf("%d",matrix[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n") ;
matrix[2][1] = 59 ;
printf("\nMatrix after modification\n") ;
for(int i =0;i<3;i++){
for(int j = 0; j<4 ;j++){
printf("%d",matrix[i][j]) ;
}
printf("\n");
}
int *p = (int*) matrix ;
printf("\n We can acces the element using the Indexing in C\n") ;
for(int i =0;i<12;i++){
printf("%d", *(p+i)) ;
}
printf("\n") ;
return 0 ;
}
Output
Original Matrix58908910030401123 Matrix after modification 5890 89100 30591123 We can access the element using the Indexing in C 58908910030591123
Examples of 2 Dimensional Array
Two-dimensional arrays can be used in C for various purposes. Here, we describe a couple of C language programs that represent 2D arrays.
Example 1: Iterating Over a 2D Array
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int matrix [2][3] ={
{1,2,3},
{4,5,6}
} ;
printf("Elements of the 2x3 matrix :\n") ;
for(int i=0;i<2;i++){
for(int j =0;j<3;j++){
printf("%d", matrix[i][j]) ;
}
printf("\n") ;
}
matrix[1][2] = 200 ;
printf("\n Matrix after addition \n") ;
for(int i =0 ;i<2;i++){
for(int j =0;j<3;j++) {
printf("%d",matrix[i][j]) ;
}
}
printf("\n") ;
int sum =0 ;
for(int i =0;i<2;i++){
for(int j =0; j<3 ;j++){
sum += matrix[i][j] ;
}
}
printf("\nSum of the elements %d\n",sum) ;
return 0 ;
}
Output
Elements of the 2x3 matrix : 123 456 Matrix after addition 12345200 Sum of the elements 215
Example 2: Filling a 2D Array with User Input and Displaying It
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int matrix[2][2],i,j ;
for(i=0;i<2;i++){
for(j=0;j<2;j++){
printf("Enter value for matrix [%d][%d]",i,j) ;
scanf("%d", &matrix[i][j]) ;
}
}
printf("\nDisplaying the matrix: \n") ;
for(i=0 ;i<2 ;i++){
for(j =0 ;j<2;j++){
printf("%d\t",matrix[i][j]) ;
}
printf("\n") ;
}
return 0 ;
}
Output
Enter value for matrix [0][0] = 30 Enter value for matrix [0][1] = 40 Enter value for matrix [1][0] = 50 Enter value for matrix [1][1] = 67 Displaying the matrix: 30 40 50 67
How to Allocate Memory in an Array?
For a 2D array representation method known as ‘column-major order’, contiguous memory allocation is applied.”. This technique will make sure that each array element lies next to each other in memory. It promotes access speed and integrity.
The following program demonstrates the Allocated Memory.
Program
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i =0,j =0 ;
int arr[2][2] = {
{5,8},
{20,30}
} ;
for(i = 0;i<2;i++){
for(j =0;j<2 ;j++){
printf("%d %d",arr[i][j]) ;
}
}
return 0 ;
}
Output
5 08 020 230 2
Operations on Two-dimensional Arrays
In C language, Operations on two-dimensional arrays involve fundamental tasks and manipulations crucial for handling grid-like data structures. We can perform various operations on matrices for mathematics, physics, engineering, and computer science, including multiplication and transposing.
Multiplication of 2D Arrays
We’ll multiply the 2D Array matrix, which might be done through an algorithm combining rows and columns to create a new matrix. All elements in the resulting matrix are some kind of sum of products of elements from the row of the first matrix and columns of the second matrix. Let’s now see the following program. The program involves the 2D array and performs multiplication.
The following program demonstrates the multiplication of 2D arrays.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 10
int main() {
int first[2][3] = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6}
};
int second[3][2] = {
{7, 8},
{9, 10},
{11, 12}
};
int result[2][2];
int r1 = 2, c1 = 3, r2 = 3, c2 = 2;
for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
result[i][j] = 0;
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
for (int k = 0; k < c1; k++) {
result[i][j] += first[i][k] * second[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("Resultant Matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
printf("%d ", result[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Resultant Matrix: 58 64 139 154
Transpose of a 2D Array
In this section the concept of transposition of a 2D array or matrix with dimensions m*n is described. The transpose of given array will have dimensions of n*m. In each of the input integer values of [i][j], all of them shall be moved to the [j][i] in the transposed 2D array.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int rows = 3, cols = 3;
int matrix[3][3] = {
{1343, 253, 3334},
{4343, 5343, 6334},
{734, 343, 9343}
};
int transpose[3][3];
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
transpose[j][i] = matrix[i][j];
}
}
printf("Original Matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nTransposed Matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < cols; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
printf("%d ", transpose[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output
Original Matrix: 1343 253 3334 4343 5343 6334 734 343 9343 Transposed Matrix: 1343 4343 734 253 5343 343 3334 6334 9343
Passing 2D Arrays to Functions
The C language also supports passing 2D arrays to functions. The function needs a specialized syntax to know that the data is being passed in a 2D array. The function signature that takes 2D arrays as the argument is shown below.
returnType funName(arrType arr_name[m][n], int m , int n)
Number m refers to rows and number n to the columns. To communicate row and column sizes is essential for an array whose addresses get transmitted as pointers.
The following program demonstrates that Array functions in C.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
#define Row 3
#define Col 4
void printArray(int arr[][Col], int rows) {
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < Col; j++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
int main() {
int array[Row][Col] = {
{90, 23, 35, 43},
{55, 63, 73, 834},
{98, 10, 11, 12}
};
printArray(array, Row) ;
return 0;
}
Output
90 23 35 43 55 63 73 834 98 10 11 12
Dynamic Memory Allocation in 2D Array
Dynamic Memory Allocation for 2D arrays in C: This calls for using pointers and functions like malloc or calloc to make space in memory at runtime. This feature enables programmers to build flexible data structures whose size can be ascertained at runtime rather than compile time. Flexibility is an absolute necessity for applications wherein we are unaware of array dimensions before coding or changing.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int rows = 3, cols = 3;
int **array;
array = (int **)malloc(rows * sizeof(int *));
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
array[i] = (int *)malloc(cols * sizeof(int));
}
int value = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
array[i][j] = value++;
}
}
printf("2D Array:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
printf("%d ", array[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
free(array[i]);
}
free(array);
return 0;
}
Output
2D Array: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Conclusion
This article explored 2D arrays in C necessary for working with tabular data including matrices or grids. Int matrix[3][3] creates a 2D array. This establishes a 3×4 dimensional array. To correctly index a 2D array passed to a function both the array and its dimensions need to be supplied.
